Developing A Hiv Vaccine A Public Health Priority

Winnie Yeung SPH 381 Writing Assignment: Letter to the Editor Response to Opinions and Scientific Errors in Dr. Not A. Scientist’s Developing a HIV Vaccine: a public health priority Every year, there are more and more people living with HIV. While the number of new cases has decreased, the overall prevalence has increased. In 2014, 36.9 million people were living with HIV. However, in 2001 the number was lower, at 29.8 million [1]. These numbers have caused me to agree with Dr. Not A Scientist need to invest more funds toward developing a HIV vaccine. Although I agree with Dr. Not A Scientist’s position in the Op-ed, there were many scientific errors found that should be addressed. Developing a vaccine for other viruses is different than†¦show more content†¦Rotaviruses belong to the family of Reoviradae and replicates in the cytoplasm with RNA polymerase instead of in the nucleus like HIV [4]. Developments of vaccines depend on the how viruses replicate, so it is important to differentiate types of viruses and how they replicate. Due to how HIV replicates with reverse transcriptase, many errors result during replication of the genome. The diversity of the HIV genome can cause difficulties when developing a HIV vaccine. Dr. Not A Scientist indicated problems resulting from the body’s inability to develop antibodies during natural HIV infection. This inability would also mean that an HIV vaccine wouldn’t be able to produce HIV-specific antibodies. However, Dr. Not A Scientist is incorrect because HIV-specific antibodies develop within approximately 1 week of infection. Still one problem arises from the high mutation rate: the ability of antibodies to bind to HIV antigens. Antibodies are antigen specific and fit like a lock and key. When the HIV genome makes errors during replication on mutates, surface proteins can change causing HIV-specific antibodies to no longer be able to bind [5]. HIV infects cells from the immune system by binding to CD4 receptors on the host cells’ surface. CD4 positive cells release cytokines to activate the production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells [1]. After CD4 cells enter the host cell, HIV-infected and non-infected cells can die in a number of ways [6]. If CD4 cells die, then the

Current Trends in Education Free Essays

Current Trends In Education Current Trends in Education The trends in human resource management and its implications for education are altering. Several trends are innovative and are a result of the economy, while others are escalating as a result of new regulations, new types of degrees and education, and the type of people employed. The purpose of this paper Is to Inform the reader of several of these current trends. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Trends in Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The trends that seems the most critical to human resource management in education are the reduction of teachers, enhancing of job application questions, integration of technology, employee benefits, and providing staff recognition to encourage retention. These trends mark substantial challenges to schools with reference to workforce development, retention, and recruitment. New human resource management trends in education can be directly linked to the downturn In our economy. (Shield, November 2009) Simply because more schools are downsizing the amount of teachers retained, and increasing classroom sizes due to budget cuts. Superintendents need to work with their human resource managers to determine what types of individuals will work well tit their teams. Beyond the basic educational skills, human resource managers need to know if new hires and possible candidates can produce, can be trained, and can embrace a team environment, as well as generate the ultimate goal of enhancing the academic performance of students. More human resources managers are expanding upon Job application questions as far as education, Internships, and experience in fields of expertise. This allow for changes in interview techniques. Two types of interview may be used by the human resource manager. One Is the screening and the other is the behavior. The screening is to cull candidates that do to meet specific requirements. The behavioral interview is to make an educated selection based on fair and legitimate criteria and not a â€Å"gut feeling. † (Mayer, 2008) Questions for applicants that are directly related to the school environment will be important in determining who gets the job and who is passed over. While the old standards still apply to race, creed, religion, and disability as well as others, human resources managers now have to deal with the state certification of individuals and make a dedicated effort to giving these people every opportunity afforded to them by the certification they received. In the district in which I am employed, prospective teachers must have passed at least one of the three test needed for certification In order to be considered for employment. There are six goals of the strategic plan for my school. The first is improving academic performance for ALL students while closing the achievement gap. Next is establishing and maintaining the school climates and facilities that are safe, orderly and supportive of effective teaching and learning. Third is developing and implement procedures and programs that will infuse technology to assist in improving the physical and fiscal management, inclemency, effectiveness, Ana accountability AT ten cocoons Loving. I en recycling ten over-representation of minority and other at-risk students in Special Education. Fifth is developing programs to promote the recruitment and retention of quality staff. Finally is promoting and encouraging positive home, school, business, and community relations that encourage student achievement. Technology is a significant trend and a fundamental part of our strategic plan. This trend is that technology advances are quickening in pace since the sass (Citron and Davies, May 2008). This trend may accelerate more significantly as more schools integrate genealogy into there academic programs. These trends will necessitate more flexible and technologically as’. N. Y schools. The two technology objectives in our strategic plan are to ensure effective use of technology through ongoing training of our office staff and having teachers to utilize technology for lesson planning, attendance, and grading practices. Office staff will update information on the school’s website, use Manatee for budgetary matters, access available tools in SASS program, and use the television scroll to display information. Teachers will utilize technology in daily classroom lessons. The action steps to be used are incorporating technology components each day in lesson planning, allowing teachers to check-out laptops from carts for projection, acquiring screens for each classroom, utilizing Interactive Achievement throughout grading period, providing professional development by individual teacher needs, performing required division testing on the computers (4th and 5th grade benchmarks) and using Study Island and SOL Pass. Employee benefits is a trend that is vital. These programs will need to make radical changes to attract and retain employees. Since the majority of the current workforce is aging, hey will be looking for better prescription coverage and long-term care benefits. Employees want a good retirement plan. A great employee benefit plan help organizations to compete in today’s world. Employees not only work for money but also for intangible benefits such as enjoyment and a sense of purpose. Workforce Management 2003) One objective of the strategic plan is to show improvements by subgroups by at least 10% on each Virginia Standards of Learning test in all four core subjects. One strategy to be used in reading is exposure to different genres and understanding their components. The action steps to take place to ensure this are sing genre studies, utilizing read aloud, using Reading Mastery Program textbooks, and participation in the Accelerated Reading Program. One strategy to be used in mathematics is to enhance the quality of instruction for students. The action steps to ensure the success of this strategy is moving experienced teachers in grade level math positions, seek professional development opportunities for math teachers, incorporate learning stations to break down activities, and participation in SOL math night. One strategy to be used in history is student involvement in surrounding to include local, state, national, and live theaters. The actions steps to be taken to be successful in this area are field trips, local speakers, Jamestown outreach, Theatre Four, and Art Bank (living history). One strategy to be used in science is grade level mastery of standards for each student. The action steps taken administer an end of year test that contains all tested standards, communication between third, fourth, and fifth grades about expectations of students, and working with students in small learning stations to gauge individual needs. Staff recognition is a very effective part AT our strategic plan Ana another current trend. One goal In our cocoons improvement plan is to establish and maintain school climate. The school improvement committee meets and decides up staff recognition activities that will improve the school climate. The objective is to recognize staff that support effective teaching and learning. Recognizing staff has been one of the least expensive and most effective ways in helping to boost morale and productivity and well as enhancing retention. The staff where I work have been extremely responsive to being recognized, which is shown by the low turnover rate at the end of each school year. Staff recognition is shown weekly by spotlighting teachers and other staff members. I believe that staff recognition could be improved where I work by offering small monetary incentives. This could be funded by the fund raising committee. Gala events, best-of-the-best awards, on-the-spot recognition, gift certificates, performance reward points, sending e-cards and Just plain saying thanks – most organizations today have some form or all of these recognition programs in place with the intent to make a positive difference. HRS Management 2010) The author has discovered that a revision of this plan is needed to meet the needs of the 95% majority population of African American students. Teachers will use multicultural activities and games to stimulate instruction. In math classes, The Math Party will be used. This is a program that is used for intervention for at risk students and as a re- teaching/review tool for all students. In science and history classes, teachers will use so ngs and raps to incorporate in their instruction. These integrated musical experiences can provide excitement for learning and improving students’ skills. Music is able to expand the instructional process and accommodate differences in learning styles. Most of all, music adds an unique element of fun to the classroom. When children learn with music it makes learning more exciting. With music, students tend to work harder. In the concluding examination, it is irrefutable that rhyme, rhythm, and music can make immense differences in teaching and learning. They are the intangible educational instruments that can touch students in extremely unforgettable ways. How to cite Current Trends in Education, Papers

Hell Is Other People free essay sample

He then shouts that they should have at least allowed him his â€Å"damn toothbrush! † The valet is further amused by this outburst, pointing out that every single â€Å"guest† inquires about the torture chamber, and then once they’ve gotten over the initial shock, they start asking for their toothbrushes and what-not. He assures Garcin that he’ll have no need for his toothbrush here, nor sleep, and advises him to forego his â€Å"sense of human dignity†. While trying to come to terms with his situation, Garcin is disturbed by the valet’s lidless eyes and parallels his perpetual sight to his own perpetual consciousness. So that’s the idea, I am to live without eyelids†¦. No eyelids, no sleep; it follows, doesn’t it? I shall never sleep again. But then how shall I endure my own company? † (After rereading the play for a second time, this seems the most ironic bit because Garcin is Liedtke 2 unaware at this point that this room IS his torture chamber, and the other occupants are his torturers, and there will be no escaping them; not even in sleep. We will write a custom essay sample on Hell Is Other People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) When left alone, Garcin quickly grows impatient and begins repeatedly ringing the bell which is supposedly meant to summon the valet. However, it doesn’t seem to be orking so he gives up. The door then opens and the valet is accompanied this time by a woman named Inez. She observes Garcin and is silent when the valet asks if she has any questions. When he exits, she immediately demands from Garcin the whereabouts of someone named Florence, but he has no idea what she’s talking about. Inez assumes Garcin is her torturer and when he asks why she thinks that, she replies that torturers often look frightened. He laughs at this, for who have torturers to be frightened of? Inez replies, â€Å"Laugh away, but I know what I’m talking about. I’ve often watched my own face in the glass. † Garcin perceives her hostility but attempts to get along with Inez. He says it’s obvious she doesn’t want him near her and that’s good because he himself would rather be alone anyways. â€Å"To think things through, you know; to set my life in order, and one does that better by oneself. †

Supply Chain Report on FMCG MEGHNA Group Essay Example

Supply Chain Report on FMCG MEGHNA Group Paper Meghan Group has already invested USED 1 Billion for setting up new lines of business and great expansion programs such as chemical complex, power, salt, seed crushing, cement and media. Meghan Group has contributed almost 75 million US Dollars as Tax to the state exchequers in Fiscal year 2012-2013. Corporate Vision, Mission, and Values: Vision: We are passionately creating sustainable economic value for our country and stakeholders by contributing to the industrial development of the nation and fundamental requirements of our consumers. Mission: We would like to enhance our capability in a competitive and globalize environment levering superior and sustainable value within next 5 years. Values: MGM pays attention to the safety of people and products, acts pro-socially and is environmentally friendly. MGM is sensitive to cultural differences, treats social and commercial partners with respect and facilities the development of its partners. FMC Products and services: Fresh refined sugar: Fresh refined sugar is produced without any human interference using the most modernized process and state-of-the-art technology which guarantee its purity. Fresh refined sugar is packed in approved food graded pack with anti-wet process to maintain the cleanliness and clarity inside. Super Fresh soybean oil and super Pure vegetable oil: It follows 3 steps of refining process-perfect Deducting Naturalization, Balanced Decentralization and Five steps Deterioration to ensure right ratio of Omega 3 6 and intact Afternoon in Soybean Oil. Fresh mustard oil: karma Mustard 011 Malls Elemental produces ten Telnets Mustard 011 Ana Mustard o Cake under the brand name of Fresh. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Report on FMCG MEGHNA Group specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Report on FMCG MEGHNA Group specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Report on FMCG MEGHNA Group specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fresh Mustard Oil is produced from worlds finest best quality mustard seeds and purified properly in an automatic plant. The legacy of this brand is to provide its great pungency natural taste to the nonusers. Also it connotes the heritage of our Bengali culture. Fresh data, Fresh Maida Fresh juju: Fresh Data, Fresh Maida Fresh Juju offers the best quality and taste. The brand carefully selects best quality wheat. It uses multi step cleaning process and computerized Bluer milling technology to keep nutritional goodness intact. Fresh dishes musher deal, Fresh anchor deal: Fresh Deal offers the best quality and taste. The Lentils are major collected from various local sources, directly from farmers. To ensure best quality the factory uses Optical Clerestory Z+ machine from Switzerland. Fresh Deal is considered to be the best quality deal of the country. Fresh full cream milk powder, super Pure full cream milk powder: Fresh full cream milk powder provides the essential energy and nutrition for kids and adults intelligence, growth and strong health. Its cooling helps in brain development, its protein, calcium, potassium, phosphorus aids in better growth and finally vitamin A, B, D and Zinc helps to build better immune system. These three nutrients allow your kids to become invincible. No. L sweetened condensed filed milk: Tasmania Condensed Milk Limited is the largest condensed milk factory in Bangladesh tit the most modern hi-tech and automatic process technology. No. 1 Sweetened Condensed Filled Milk is made in this factory by using quality milk powder, refined cane sugar, purified fat, lactose, non fat milk solids I-JP treated water. No. L Sweetened Condensed Filled Milk is homogeneity, pastured and flash cooled to guarantee the best quality SCOFF with smooth texture and complete nutrition. Fresh super premium salt: Fresh Super Premium Salt is produced by using the combination of Switzerland World Latest Technology and Vacuum Evaporation System which can remove all impurities and ensures a natural balance of all minerals like Sodium Chloride, Iodine, Calcium and Magnesium. As a result it helps to create balanced electrolytes, activate nerve function and carries the nutrients to reach every cell within our body. Its balanced Iodine also helps to promote brain development and improve immune system. Super Fresh drinking water, No. L drinking water: Super Fresh Drinking Water is popular and the market leader among the drinking water Dramas In Bangles. It Is clear, transparent, Tree Trot microorganisms Ana refined in seven stage of purification process as De-lord, Pre-ozone, De-Odor, Softening, Reverse Osmosis, Ultraviolet Treatment and Connation. Hygiene practice is maintained in every step of our refining process. So, Super Fresh Drinking Water is safest, reengineering, refreshing, trendy and suitable for human body. In February, 2013, a new brand of water No. L Drinking Water also was introduced to the market to cater the popular segment Fresh premium tea, Fresh addenda tea, Fresh dust tea, No-I leaf tea, No-I strong tea: Fresh tea is the best Tea blend of the country with the best raw tea carefully chosen from the best gardens of Bangladesh. Fresh tea has great strength, mouth fullness taste. Along with bright liquor, attractive color and natural flavor it gives the best Freshness. Fresh spice: To spice up our daily life with good taste and add a healthy punch to all our breakfast, lunch and dinner; Spices have become essential. With latest grinding technology and a modern, hygienic manufacturing process, Fresh spices has been able to create a strong foothold in consumer mind. For its obsession with quality management, spices with international standards are also being exported to several countries. Corporate social responsibilities (CARS): The founder of Meghan Group of Industries, Mr..

Free Essays on Energy Sources For You Home And Automobile In The Year 2050

How many times a day do you use a source of energy? Practically every minute of everyday we use some such source. Weather it is heating your home or driving your car, you have used some sort of chemical reaction to accomplish it. During the last century, most energy sources have been what we call fossil fuels, or non-renewable sources of fuel. These semi-common molecules contain mostly long chains of the atom carbon. Fuels such as coal, petroleum, propane, and natural gas are included in this group. The problem with these fuels is that when combusted, produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, or commonly known as greenhouse gasses. Many new and cleaner systems are being developed for use in upcoming years, hopefully to replace the commonly used fuels that we rely on today. Hydrogen, the most abundant material in the universe, is a great source of energy though it is seldom found in a pure form on earth. The only by-product of its oxidation is water vapor (4H +O2 = 2 H2O). Small amounts of nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons are also released when run in an engine due to engine lubricants, but no carbon dioxide is produced. Hydrogen is mostly created by breaking down hydrocarbon fuels either by electrolysis of water or photolysis. Electrolysis is the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity. Photolysis is described simply as chemical decomposition. The problem we are having with hydrogen fuel systems is the storage required. Compared to a gasoline powered automobiles, liquid hydrogen would require eight times the amount of storage plus would require a refrigeration system. Compressed hydrogen would require almost six to ten times more storage. Another source being explored that has a high potential is ethanol or grain alcohol. It is clear, colorless, and an odor that fits it. It is said to have a sweet flavor, but can burn in a concentrate form. Ethanol, or CH3CH2OH, is... Free Essays on Energy Sources For You Home And Automobile In The Year 2050 Free Essays on Energy Sources For You Home And Automobile In The Year 2050 How many times a day do you use a source of energy? Practically every minute of everyday we use some such source. Weather it is heating your home or driving your car, you have used some sort of chemical reaction to accomplish it. During the last century, most energy sources have been what we call fossil fuels, or non-renewable sources of fuel. These semi-common molecules contain mostly long chains of the atom carbon. Fuels such as coal, petroleum, propane, and natural gas are included in this group. The problem with these fuels is that when combusted, produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, or commonly known as greenhouse gasses. Many new and cleaner systems are being developed for use in upcoming years, hopefully to replace the commonly used fuels that we rely on today. Hydrogen, the most abundant material in the universe, is a great source of energy though it is seldom found in a pure form on earth. The only by-product of its oxidation is water vapor (4H +O2 = 2 H2O). Small amounts of nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons are also released when run in an engine due to engine lubricants, but no carbon dioxide is produced. Hydrogen is mostly created by breaking down hydrocarbon fuels either by electrolysis of water or photolysis. Electrolysis is the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity. Photolysis is described simply as chemical decomposition. The problem we are having with hydrogen fuel systems is the storage required. Compared to a gasoline powered automobiles, liquid hydrogen would require eight times the amount of storage plus would require a refrigeration system. Compressed hydrogen would require almost six to ten times more storage. Another source being explored that has a high potential is ethanol or grain alcohol. It is clear, colorless, and an odor that fits it. It is said to have a sweet flavor, but can burn in a concentrate form. Ethanol, or CH3CH2OH, is...

The Economic Aspects of Required Textbooks

The Economic Aspects of Required Textbooks Hashtag: #BudgetBooks The process of determining which books are to be used in a school classroom is historically controversial. The study shows that textbooks in elementary and high school are often acquired based on economic and political reasons rather than educational considerations. Moreover, major textbook publishers often influence school decision about required or supplementary text. If the school adopted the new book as required text then students have to buy it. This, in reality, is helping publisher make money out of school adoption. However, not all students can buy required books and many actually result to borrowing books from libraries, friends, photocopying text, or buying used second-hand books. In some developing countries, for instance, the teacher has the only textbook in the class. In particular, most public school systems  are underfunded and cannot provide new books. The lack of reading materials is further complicated by the fact that these students are relying on outdated materials. For instance, findings of study conducted in developing Asian countries suggests that lack of textbooks and adequate teaching and learning materials result in low student achievement. In contrast, students’ achievement was higher in schools with more textbooks. Teachers are â€Å"gatekeepers† of academic books or the people who have the knowledge and power to recommend the most appropriate textbook for their class. Teachers are powerful actors shaping the content that students are likely to use in their studies. They influence students’ decisions on the kind of books to read and prevent them from wasting time and money on buying books that are not essential to specific classroom tasks. Benefits of Second Hand and Used Books Books required in higher education are often expensive but bookstores nowadays are selling new and used books. Some student government operated bookstores are also selling used books at a much cheaper price than those offered in regular bookstores. Most of these books were collected from â€Å"book drives†, a campaign where discarded books are deposited in a donation bin at school. College students’ organizations are also selling and buying used books. Book exchange provides opportunities for people to sell back their used books at a reasonable price. Students can also buy from online bookstores and wait for shipping. Books, regardless of age are reliable and accurate sources of information. Most teachers depend on books for factual, scholarly, and in-depth inquiry. Old but gently used books are a good source of reading materials and facilitate extensive reading at home. Inequities in students’ access to books outside the classroom can be resolved by soliciting used books. In fact, many persevering and diligent teachers built their classroom libraries from used books purchased by parent-teacher organizations from garage sales. This library of used books contains easily accessible multicultural literature that can help students see themselves, appreciate their own and others culture and language. Book Fairs are not only great way to collect, sell, and raise funds but influential in motivating people to read. Book Swap, on the other hand, enhances social networks of literary enthusiast. Similarly, book hunting through garage sales encouraged students to read some or all the books they find during school break.

International trade law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International trade law - Essay Example The rules regulating this kind of free enterprise while it purports to be equitable is fraught by many democratic obstacles posing a viable threat to its host governments’ sovereignty.2 This section of the dissertation will offer a background review of the key provisions of the GATS. The Agreement makes provision for four modes of supply with respect to delivery of services across international borders. The four modes are: 1) Cross-border supplies as in from one member state to another; 2) Consumption abroad which encapsulates the delivery of services into the territory of one member state from another member state’s territory. The delivery’s final destination is to a consumer the territory receiving the delivery; 3) This mode of supply is accomplished through the establishing and maintaining of a commercial presence within the territory of the member state; and 4) The fourth mode of supply is maintained through the presence of a natural person.3 In this part of the dissertation will offer a detailed discussion of the aim and design of GATS. It will examine the underlying policies with particular emphasis on the three modes of supply and delivery of services. It will detail the general obligations of the member states as well as specific commitments. Each of these aspects will be examined by reference to the provisions contained in the GATS. 4 Particular emphasis will be placed on the goals and definitions expressed in the GATS document. Articles I-X will be the primary focus in this section but with particular emphasis on Article V which provides as follows: ‘1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This Agreement shall not prevent any of its Members from being a party to or entering into an agreement liberalizing trade in services between or among the parties to such an agreement, provided that such an agreement: (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   provides for the absence or

Evolving role of state and federal government in U.S. education Essay

Evolving role of state and federal government in U.S. education - Essay Example Since the era of 1867, the government has been a key factor towards enacting an educational system to fit the needs of its citizens. The creation of this organization was the hallmark of emphasis of creating a system in which the government can associate itself with the school system. The Department of Education which was created in 1867 aimed to establish a foundation for the implementation of a public school system. Two Decades later, the Second Morrill Act on 1980 became a critical component towards administering grants to colleges and academic centers throughout the nation. The utilization of taxes to fund Federal aid to schools became a vital piece towards harnessing the growth of the system itself. Post World War II, the Federal government spear headed a strong push towards extending support from government bureaucrats. One of the most notorious bills was known as the â€Å"GI Bill,† which authorized postsecondary education assistance enabling many young war veterans to return to their secular education. The initiation of the Cold War was a reality check for the Federal government as tensions continued to flare between both sites. Congress quickly stepped into action and passed the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which allowed individuals to focus their attention in math and science in order to combat the innovation of the Soviets. This again was critical as it enabled American citizens to improve their critical and analytical skills in all aspects of academic education. Furthermore, it enabled individuals to pursue post secondary education and obtain a graduate degree. If the â€Å"GI Bill† was not sufficient to address the deficiencies in the educational system, the Title IX was the cure that literally transformed the dynamics of the educational system. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 undoubtedly diminished the gender disparities that

Observational Learning Essay Example for Free

Observational Learning Essay During this course we studied that behaviors can be learned through our own experiences or observing others. Learning is the knowledge obtained in life through education, interacting with people, experiences and practice. There are three types of learning: Classical Conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. There are many topics that grabbed my interest during this course, but observational learning made me think about my personal life and reminded me of many experiences that I went through in life. Observational learning means that we learn through watching others and then imitating them, this can happen through observing our family, neighbors, friends or TV. I remember when I was a child, I used to watch my mother cooking and then I go back to my room and pretend that am cooking as well. Even though, I grew up and became a very bad cooker. Albert Bandura suggested in his theory The social learning theory that children tend to imitated adults by observing them. He supported his theory in his famous experiment Bobo doll, which shows an adult acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll, and after that when they allowed the children to play with the doll they acted in the same aggressive way. I remember last year I was with my aunt and her 7 years old son in the car going to a restaurant. My aunt is a smoker, so she took out a cigarette and started smoking. After sometimes, her son told her: When I grow up I will smoke cigarettes, she told him: No, you are not allowed to smoke its bad for health, he replayed: But you smoke, I want to be cool like you and when we reached to the restaurant, her son took a straw and started acting as if he is smoking. In addition, Banduaras study showed that people also learn through imitating others who receive punishments and rewards. It means that when a child sees his older siblings getting punished for doing something wrong, the child is more likely to avoid doing it so he/she wont get punished. On the other hand, if a child noticed that one of his siblings are rewarded for behaving in a certain way or doing something good, the child will do the same to get a reward. When I was 9 years old, my parents bought a new toy for my older brother because he got a full mark on one of his subjects at school, I was very jealous that day and decided to study hard to get a full mark so my parents can get me a gift. Learning can be either positive or negative. Positive observational learning is when a person learn a good behavior from someone. When I was young, every time we go to a mall there were these small charity cabinets were you can donate money. I used to see my mother donating money like every time we go to a mall, and now I do the same thing. In contrast, negative observational learning is when a person learn a bad behavior from someone else. It is true that people can learn negative behavior from their siblings, family, friends or neighbors, however; I believe that TV and media content is more dangerous and have more powerful impact on people. For example, my small cousin began to act violently since he started watching WWE (a wrestling show) and he even memorized all the wrestle moves. Everyone in the family and school is complaining that he beats other children so hard. For him, he finds it cool and believe that in this way more people will like him as they like these wrestlers. Finally, I believe that observational learning is an effective way. Children have the right to explore their own world and determine the wrong action from the right one. Of course, parents should act in a proper way in front of their children and be careful of what they are watching, and advice them to do the right thing when the make a mistake.

The Impact of Values on the Workforce Essay -- Business Organizational

The Impact of Personal Values, Organizational Values, and Cultural Values on the Workforce When we are called upon to make decisions, several factors are taken into consideration before this decision can be made. Depending on the type of decision, such factors could be cultural beliefs, personal beliefs, and organizational beliefs. We have come to realize that there are fundamental challenges in trying to apply ethical principles in a cultural and organizational environment. Each culture has unique distinctions in values, which may or may not be considered ethical by each individual within society. These differences in culture and personal beliefs influence any decision, whether personal or professional, of any individual. Certain cultures within the work force may decide not to adhere to organizational codes of conduct because of not only personal feelings, but also because of the varying differences in cultural backgrounds. The intent of this paper is to identify values that are important to me personally, organizationally, and culturally, and the effects that these v alues have on decision making in regards to my personal and professional life. Personal values are most important to me since these values define individuality. David Peters (2003) said it best when he said â€Å"an examination of our beliefs can offer valuable insights into our character and help us determine a clear pathway to a more satisfying life.† Honesty, integrity, loyalty, and respect are highly valued and these values are present in my everyday life. However, this does not necessarily mean that each individual within my society share these same personal values, thus creating an environment filled with varying personal beliefs, expectations, and philosophies that may not be logically connected with the society’s culture or ethics. Nonis (2001) states: â€Å"Values reflect the most basic characteristics of adaptation that guides individuals in deciding which situations they should enter and what they should do in them (Kahle 1980). According to Williams (1979), explicit and fully conceptualized values become the criteria for judgemen t, preferences and choices† (p. ---). My decisions whether personal or professional, are dependent on my values and the environment that I am in. Before accepting my current position, I made sure that the company had similar ethical beliefs as m... ...ead of forcing our beliefs unto others we need to respect the practices and traditions and get a better understanding why certain practices are done. Chris Jenks states: â€Å"Westerners, convinced that they are morally superior, have failed in their attempts to stop local practices because they did not take into consideration the culture and the reason for the practice† (p. 22). In relations to the work force, organizations are diversifying their workforce. They are realizing the importance of diversity and how it can benefit the organization, given that diversity brings different point of views and values to light. As an organization, we should not simply proclaim a set of values. Instead we should immerse both managers and employees in the organization’s ideology. Any disconnect in behavior between mangers and employees will strongly undermine the values of the organization. The undermining of these cultural values creates uncertainty in the minds of employees thus leading to potential conflicts. Work Cited Gardner, John W. "On Leadership" New York: The Free Press, 1990 Jenks, Chris. "Western Culture: An Introduction." Culture. Ed. Chris Jenks. London: Routledge, 1995

Emily’s Refusal to Allow Change in Her Life in “A Rose for Emily”

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story written by William Faulkner, an American author. Uniquely narrated in the first person perspective with the use of we, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story about a woman named Emily who had a strong attachment or dependence on her father. It seemed time stopped when her father died that contributed to Emily’s refusal to see and accept change.She experienced true aristocracy with her father who ruled her life and constructed a different reality for her. He let her believe that she is different from anybody else and that no man truly deserves her. Her father’s restrictions towards her and her social roles dominated her life even after her father’s death. Thus, in this short story, Faulkner highlights that social roles restrict an individual to manifest his or her true self, constraining rather than liberating her.As Faulkner used the pronoun â€Å"we,† it can be inferred that the narrator is some of the to wnspeople sympathizing with Emily. By means of flashbacking, the narrator presents well-structured and detailed events of Emily’s life that can provide a deeper understanding of why there is pride and isolation in her character.The story begins with Emily’s death at the age of 74 and flashes back to the near distant past of Emily’s life. Emily is a spinster perceived as a lonely woman who is so attached to the traditions and aristocracy of the past to the extent that she cannot accept change.She shuts herself to the world and continually personifies the past until her death. Even with the emergence of materialism and when aristocracy was no longer a trend, Emily constantly believes that she would still be respected. This makes her a grotesque or unique personality in the setting that encourages the townspeople to analyze her life.Emily’s father who represents the ruling class of the South contributed most to her arrogant personality. Emily was raised in a n upper class home which made them prominent in the community. Hence, she perceived herself as rich and powerful, and their position in the community had unconsciously taught her to hold herself high from the surrounding people even after her father’s death.As time passed by, perspective about class and status changed. People accepted the changes of time and ideas. However, Emily, who was a complex and well-developed character, chose not to adapt because of the social roles she grew up with. Thus, the story illustrates that privilege and aristocracy can sometimes be a prison.The Negro who was an obedient gardener and cook and who provided Emily’s basic and practical needs is also symbolic in the story. This man connected Emily outside her small world. Yet, he isolated himself from the community for fear that he may disclose something about Emily that will disdain his loyalty.Thus, the Negro unconsciously killed her relationship with the world outside and supported Emil y’s violence against herself.   The Negro somehow fed Emily’s perception towards herself. The Negro, whom Emily had control over encourage Emily’s role in the society as aristocratic.The rose in the story represents affection. It is the affection given by the narrator to Emily. Other people may perceive Emily’s pride and violence as something immoral, but the narrator’s point of view towards Emily is different. He clearly sympathizes with Emily and understands the reason behind Emily’s arrogance. The narrator justifies her actions through presenting series of events about her past. She was a victim of bitterness and complete attachment.The community itself during her father’s time constructed a different reality for her that caused her to become so confident. The rose in the story may also signify Emily’s love for Homer. It represents the soft side of Emily which the outside world cannot see. She was perceived by the people a s scandalous and proud. Yet, like any other person, Emily needs love and affection. Her love was violent and harsh though which represents the thorns of the rose.

Issues in Corporate Governance

CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE ADVANCED FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT †¢ †¢ †¢ Investment decisions Financing decisions Dividend decisions Financial objectives Primary objective – maximise shareholder wealth Secondary objectives – meeting ‘other’ predetermined targets Stakeholders †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Shareholders Management and employees Customers Suppliers Lenders Government w w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 1 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE Stakeholders Suppliers Measures Price Payment Security Liquidity Taxable profit Inflation Employment Investment Lenders Government w w w . tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 2 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE w w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 3 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE Corporate Governance Are the board effective? Are they making good decisions? Can we obtain assurance that they are? Are the board effective? Combined Code Board of Directors Chair CEO Execs Non-execs w w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 4 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE Are they making good decisions? Higgs Report Cadbury Report Greenbury Code Key guidance Smith Turnbull Can we obtain assurance that they are?Disclosure FSA Listing Rules FSA Disclosure and Transparency rules Combined Code w w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 5 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE More formalised Independent audit committee Quarterly reporting USA Sarbanes Oxley Independent directors PCOAB Critical accounting policies Germany EU company law Two-tier board of directors Board of directors Supervisory board Management board w w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 6 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE Japan â€Å"Consensual management† Policy boards Functional boards Monocratic boards w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 7 CH AP TER 1 – I S S U ES I N COR POR ATE G OVER N AN CE SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK †¢ Sustainability – balancing growth with environmental and social concerns â€Å"At BP, we are working hard to restore trust in our ability to operate safely and responsibly wherever we do business. Our approach to sustainability covers issues relating to governance and risk management, safety, the environment, the energy future and our local and global socio-economic impact. We aim to report on these issues in a way that answers key questions raised by our stakeholders. Carbon Trading 1. Governments hand out free tradable rights to emit carbon dioxide to big industrial polluters 2. Companies buy additional pollution credits from projects that claim to emit less greenhouse gas than they would have without the investment Environment Agency 1. Protects air, land and water used by society in England and Wales 2. Offers guidance to busine sses on environmental issues †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Environmental Permitting Flood Pollution and emissions Waste Water Environmental Audits †¢ †¢ †¢ Energy saving Waste reduction Business processes w w w . s tu d yi n te ra cti ve . o rg 8

buy custom The Rise of China essay

buy custom The Rise of China essay The economy of China has been growing at an extraordinary speed, since the Chinese government launched its market reforms three decades ago. Since 2010, the People republic of China positions as the second largest economy in the world, after the United States. It, also, is the fastest growing economy over the past thirty years, grown consistently at a rate of about thirty percent. This paper discusses why the China rise is a bad thing for the U.S. The rise of China fosters unemployment in the United States. The U.S manufacturing firms are declining due to the influx of cheaply-priced goods from China, such as clothes, machinery and electronics (Haddad and Shepherd 2011). China, being a free market and affording cheap labor; is more conducive to set up a business than the U.S. The U.S manufacturers opt for outsourced labor, which is cheaper for them, hence increasing their profits. Therefore, Americans end up losing on the jobs which increases the rate of unemployment. Secondly, the standard of living among the Americans is low. Since the more highly skilled jobs are now taken away by Chinese, they have to take service industry jobs of lower quality and poorer pay, for instance, fast food work. According to Price (2003), The American job market is fragmented; there exists a growing separation between higher and lower skilled jobs since many middle-skilled jobs are already shipped overseas. Therefore, even if the products coming in the country are cheap, people do not have money to purchase them. Lastly, it has created a trade deficit between China and the U.S due to the difference between the dollar and the Yuan and the fact that China exports more to the U.S than it imports from her (Price, 2003). In conclusion, from the above information, the cons of Chinas rise on the U.S are clear. Therefore, we can only conclude that it is a bad thing for the United States. Buy custom The Rise of China essay

What Recruiters See On Your Resume The Good, the Bad, and the Unexpected

What Recruiters See On Your Resume The Good, the Bad, and the Unexpected According to Ambra Benjamin, an engineering recruiter answering questions over at Quora.com, every recruiter reviews applications differently. However, it may help you polish up the latest version of your resume to know the highlights at least one executive-level recruiter looks for! Dauntingly, all of these categories are mentally checked off by recruiters in about 30 seconds- they don’t have time to decode your intricately worded prose.Don’t Mess These UpMost Recent RoleRecruiters look at your current status to figure out why you might be looking for a new job. Were you fired from the last one? Laid off? Are you jumping ship after only a few months? Is this most recent position relevant to the one you’re applying for?Company RecognitionIt’s great to work for a company that garners immediate recognition- a recruiter will have an immediate frame of reference, and if they have a positive association with your company, you’ll have a leg up. Keep that in mind while applying and touting your accomplishments. Working for a   company that’s not well-known just means you’ll want to be more explicit about who they are and what they do, as well as your own role.Overall ExperienceDoes one position lead logically to another? Is there a sense of progress? Do the job titles make sense? Is your responsibility increasing from one gig to the next? If a recruiter wouldn’t automatically understand how you’ve made your way from one job to another, that’s something to explain in your cover letter.Keyword SearchYes, recruiters use Command+F to find words relevant to particular skills, programs, and experience- do your research (and read the job posting very closely) so you know what your industry is looking for and can make sure that’s represented on your resume.GapsIt is okay to have a gap- families happen, illnesses happen, grad school happens. Just make sure it’s explained somehow, in your cove r letter or as the reason you left the job before taking time away.Personal Web PresenceIf you list personal blogs, Twitter accounts, or any other social media sites, rest assured a recruiter will likely click through and see not only what you’re posting, but who you follow and who follows you.General LogisticsWhere do you live and where are you eligible to work? Make it clear on your resume- and if you know you’re a geographical long shot, figure out how to indicate your willingness to relocate.Overall OrganizationThe no-brainer basics: grammar, spelling, clarity, readability.What Doesn’t  Really MatterEducationOuch, cry all of us with any kind of student loan debt. Benjamin is mostly referring to mid-level or senior hires. By that time, she prioritizes experience over education, with a few exceptions for MBAs or particularly prestigious institutions.Fancy FormattingRemember that even companies with online submission forms convert your resume to plain text fo r quick and easy reading. Consider submitting a plain text version along with the PDF if it’s an option- a recruiter will know there’s probably an aesthetically pleasing version waiting for them if they call you in to meet with a hiring manager.Uncomfortably Personal DetailsNo photos, no references to anything that a recruiter legally can’t ask about (spouse, kids, disability, health issues, etc). If they want to google you, they will.Cover LettersWell this is heartbreaking- I work so hard on my cover letters! I use them to explain my job-hopping early 20s! So, I wouldn’t take this for granted at most entry level positions; make sure your letter is immaculate if it’s requested, and don’t send one if they don’t ask.What Not To DoUse Word templates: Yuck. They are boring and basic and you can do better!Write in the first person: It’s implied that everything on your resume has to do with you. â€Å"Responsibilities included coord inating office networking events† works just fine without â€Å"My† in front of it.Include a ridiculous number of pages: Curate your experience to apply only to the job you’re applying for, and get it down to two pages max.Mix up POV and tense: Pick one and stick to it!Include resume objectivesMail or hand deliver paper copiesSend resumes straight to the CEOExaggerateBut Feel Free to Do These!And just to make it that much harder to figure out the right thing to do, here’re some features Benjamin wishes she could see more of:Insert personalityHave one! Don’t let your resume sound like it was generated by an SEO robot- feel free to include a (tasteful, thoughtful, relevant) joke, a personal preference, or an engaging detail. Make it worth your recruiter’s while to close-read your work!Include URLs for other presencesYour mileage may vary. If you tend to showcase interesting industry-related articles and news items publicly, maybe share your Fac ebook or tumblr. If you use the internet to blow off steam, maybe lock your profiles down during the job search.Share personal projectsWhat else are you working on? In your free time, what do you do or make or go out of your way to see? Even if you decide not to include this on your resume, have an anecdote or two ready for an interview!Use different colors and typography: Be deliberate and thoughtful about your choices, and keep it tasteful. Remember recruiters are seeing dozens of these- be appealing without being appalling.

Unilateral and bilateral contracts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Unilateral and bilateral contracts - Article Example Unilateral and bilateral contracts The distinction between bilateral and unilateral contracts has been considered a fundamental principle of contract law and essential to the order of the contractual system. The focus of this analysis is to critically evaluate the theoretical legal dichotomy between unilateral and bilateral contracts and consider the practical similarities between the two. If we firstly consider unilateral contracts, the concept of a unilateral contract is illustrated by reference to a classic contract law case of Carlil v Carbolic Smoke Ball Limited4. In this case, the defendant was the proprietor of a medical substance and placed and advert in the Pall Mall Gazette promising to pay $100 to anyone who used the carbolic smoke ball for two weeks and who for a limited time after contracted the flu virus. Mrs Carlil took the substance and contracted the flu virus and sued for the $100. Mrs Carlil's claim succeeded and on appeal, Carbolic Smoke Ball Limited argued that the advert did not constitute an offer but was rather an invitation to treat. The Court of Appeal rejected this argument and held that there was a legally enforceable contract. The advertisement constituted an offer to the whole world and was capable of amounting to an offer of a unilateral contract without the requirement for acceptance. Moreover, this decision was the first case to highlight the requirement of intention to create legal relations. The Carlil decision had far reaching implications for contract law, with some commentators arguing that there is no difference between an â€Å"invitation to treat† and a contractual â€Å"offer†."invitation to treat" and a contractual "offer"5. The law of contract stipulates three fundamental requirements for the formation of a legally enforceable contract; namely; offer, acceptance and consideration (it is important to note that contracting parties must have legal capacity to enter into a contract). Lord Wilberforce presiding in the case of New Zealand Shipping Co Limited v A M Satterhwaite, The Eurymedon6 asserted the rule for contract formation thus: "English law having committed itself to a rather technical'' doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach''. Into the market slots of offer, acceptance and consideration7. An "offer" in the context of contract law has been described as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed, the "offeree.8" The "expression9" may take different forms and the intention element is an objective consideration and the case of Smith v Hughes 10emphasised the relevant consideration as being a focus on how a reasonable person would view the situation. Furthermore, the law distinguishes between an offer and an invitation to treat, which is not an offer but an indication of willingness to negotiate a contract11. For example, in the case of Gibson v Manchester City Council12, the words "may be prepared to sell" constituted an invitation to treat and not a distinct offer. Moreover, an invitation to treat is an action inviting others to make an offer. Whereas an offer is itself binding, accepting an invitation to treat is making an offer13. This is particularly evident in the construction industry where tender

Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death Penalty - Research Paper Example The proponents of the penalty derive their arguments from the fact that is cheaper than holding convict for life, and acts as a deterrence to crime. However, the proponents are tasked with a heavy burden of proof assignment that has not been successful so far. This leads to the question whether the death penalty deters crime The paper seeks to answer the question through an argumentative approach. According to Amnesty International USA, the assertion that the death penalty reduces murder rates are flawed (Amnesty USA n.d). The fundamental basics to prove that it does not deter crimes are evident in the murder statistics difference between states that employ the death penalty and the states that do not use the penalty. According to the said statistics, it is seen that states that do not have the penalty have lower rates of capital crimes as compared to others. Consequently, the penalty is not popular among the public. The pie chart shows the public opinion about death penalty and its effect in deterrence of crime. Sources indicate that people who commit capital crimes are commonly under the effects of drugs and or alcohol. The claim implies that the persons are not conscious enough to reckon the repercussions of the crime they are committing. Death penalty is not part of their reasoning at the time when they are consumed by rage or fear. It follows that a crime will be committed, with or without death penalty laws. Thus, death penalty is not sufficient to deter crime in such incidents. Another reason that taints the deterrence assertion is that criminals do not expect to be nabbed after committing an atrocity. Suspects in murder cases do not consider the probability of being arrested and facing charges for the crime. Instead, they consider the possibility of walking free (Michigan State University 2000, p.3). In these cases, the fangs of the death penalty do not scare the criminals from their actions. The same implies that criminals do not weigh their

You Have read about HITECH Act,HIPAA,ARRA,and electronic Essay

You Have read about HITECH Act,HIPAA,ARRA,and electronic signatures.Summarize the intentof one of these laws and its impact on your practice - Essay Example Such HIT includes electronic health records and secure and private exchange of electronic health information (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2015). McGonigle and Mastrian (2015) outlines that, in subtitle D, the HITECH Act addresses and states the security and privacy concerns linked with the electronic transmission or diffusion of health information. In part, the Act has numerous provisions that reinforce the criminal and civil enforcement of the HIPAA rules. These provisions have a great impact on health provision and general healthcare. As a records nurse practitioner and officer, I am greatly influenced with the HITECH Act. I am involved in numerous exchanges of health care records and information. My work must be discrete and private to ensure security of healthcare information and patients’ health records. Through the Act, I now exercise more caution and care to ensure that the electronic health information and files do not land in wrong hands. In its section, there are penalties for violation of the Act. The regulations and penalties ensure that practitioners, particularly in health records, cautiously carry out their work diligently to ensure and enhance the safety and security of health information and patients’ health records (McGonigle & Mastrian,

The Van Hiele Theory Of Geometric Thinking

The Van Hiele Theory Of Geometric Thinking This chapter will provide a brief explanation of the theoretical framework on Van Hiele theory of geometric thinking. Consequently review and discuss on literature involving van Hiele theory and dynamic geometry software, follow by review of literature on teaching and learning of geometry by dynamic geometry software Cabri 3D as an instructional tool. Then chapter conclude by reviewing literature on designing learning activities. The Van Hiele Theory of Geometric Thinking The van Hiele model of geometric thinking is one theory that offers a model for explaining and describing geometric thinking. This theory resulted from the Dutch mathematics educator doctoral work of Dina van Hiele-Geldof and Pierre van Hiele at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands which completed in 1957. Pierre van Hiele formulated the five levels of thinking in geometry and discussed the role of insight in the learning of geometry in this doctoral thesis. Van Hiele reformulated the original five levels into three during the 1980s. Dina van Hiele-Geldorfs doctoral thesis, which was completed in 1957, focused on the role of instruction in the raising of a pupils thought levels. Her study centered on thinking of geometry and the role of instruction in assessing pupils to move though the levels. The following summary of Van Hiele theory history is taken from Hanscomb,Kerry, (2005, p.77): A convenient location for many primary sources on the Van Hiele model is Fuys et al. (1984).Other primary sources are van Hiele and Van Hiele-Geldof (1958) and Van Hiele (1986). Secondary sources for Van Hiele research are Mayberry (1983), who found that students may operate at different levels for different concepts; Mayson (1997),who claims that gifted students may skip van Hiele levels; and Clements and Battista (1992),who cite finding indicating that the van Hiele levels involve cognitive developmental factors as well as didactical factors. The van Hiele theory has been applied to clarify students difficulties with the higher order cognitive processes, which is necessary to success in high school geometry. In this theory if students do not taught at the proper Hiele level that they are at or ready for it, will face difficulties and they cannot understand geometry. The therapy that offered for students by this theory is that they should go through the sequence of levels in a specific way. (Usiskin, 1982b). It is possible to generalize the Van Hiele model to the other topics such as physics, science and arts. Because the main idea of this theory is the consequence of levels and believing that each level is built on properties of the previous level as many researches has done based on this theory on science education. Characteristics of Van Hiele level of geometric thought Van Hiele theory argues there are some misconstructions in teaching of school mathematics and geometry, which was existed for long time based on the formal axiomatic geometry and was created by Euclid more than two thousand years ago. Euclid logical construction is based on his axioms, definitions, theorems, and proofs. Therefore, the school geometry that is in a similar axiomatic fashion assumes that students think in a formal deductive level. However, it is not usually the case and the students have the lack of prerequisite understanding about geometry. Van Hiele discusses this lack creates a gap between their level of geometric thinking that they are, and the level of geometric thinking that they required for and they expected to learn. He supports Piagets points of view Giving no education is better than giving it at the wrong time. Teachers should provide teaching that is appropriate to the level of childrens thinking. Van Hiele theory suggests: It depends on the students level of geometric thinking the teacher can decide in which level the teaching should be begun.(Van Hiele, 1999) According to the van Hiele theory, a student moves sequentially from the initial level (Visualization) to the highest level (Rigor). Students cannot achieve one level of thinking successfully without having passed through the previous levels. Furthermore, Burger Shaughnessy (1986) and Mayberry (1983) have found that the level of thinking at an entry level is not the same in all areas of geometry. During last decades many researchers and investigators tried to support the Van Hiele model or disapprove of it and still some try to improve or adjust this model. Many of the researcher used Van Hiele level of geometric thought as a suitable and proper theory in their research using dynamic geometry software (Smart, 2008). The Van Hiele levels have certain properties specially for understanding the geometry. First of all, the stages have fixed sequence property. The five levels are hieratically, it means students must go through the levels in order. He/she cannot fit in level N without having gone through the previous level (N-1). Students cannot engage in geometry thinking at higher level without passing the lower levels. Second property is adjacency of the levels. At each level of thought what is essential in the previous level become extrinsic in the existing level. Individual understanding and reflection on geometric ideas are needed to move from one level to the next one, rather than biological maturation. Third each level has its own symbols and linguistic and relationships for connecting those symbols. This property is a distinction of the stages. For example when a teacher use a language for higher level of thinking than students level of thinking, students cannot understand the concepts and try to just memorizing the proofs and do the rote learning. In this case miscommunication emerge (Hong Lay, 2005). The next characteristic, clarifies two persons in different levels cannot understand each other. As each level of thinking has its own language and symbols so students in different levels cannot understand each other. Lastly, the Van Hiele theory emphasize on pedagogy and the importance of teacher instruction to assist students transition through one level to the next one. This characteristic indicates that appropriate activities which allow students to explore and discover geometric concepts in appropriate levels of their thinking are the best activities to advance students level of thinking. Phases of learning geometry Van Hiele theory defines five levels of learning geometry which students must pass in order to obtain an understanding of geometric concept. To progress from one level to next level should be involve these five levels as Usiskin argued: The learning process leading to complete understanding at the next higher level has five phases, approximately but not strictly sequential, entitled: Inquiry Directed orientation Explanation Free orientation Integration (p.6)(Usiskin, 1982a). These five level are very valuable in designing activities and design instructional phases. Phase one: Inquiry First phase of learning geometry starts with inquiry or information satge. In this stage students learn about the nature of the geometric objects.in order to design appropriate activities, Teacher identify students prior knowledge about new concept which need to be learnt. Then teacher design proper activities to encourage and encounter students with the new concept which is being taught. Phase two: Directed orientation During this phase while students doing their short activities with set of outcomes like: measuring, folding and unfolding, or geometry games, teacher provides appropriate activities base on students levels level of thinking to encourage them be more familiar with the concept being taught. Phase three: Explanation As the name of this phase demonstrates, in this stage students try to describe their learning of new concept in their own words. Students in this phase start to express their conclusions and finding with their other classmates and teacher in their own words. They communicate mathematically. The role of teacher in this stage is supplying relevant mathematical terminology and language in a proper manner, by using geometrical and mathematical language accurately and correctly. Phase four: Free orientation In this phase geometrical tasks that appeal to numerous ways is presented to the students. This is the students who decide how to go about accomplishing these tasks. As the way of solid geometry, they have learned to investigate more complex open-ended activities. Phase Five: Integration In this stage students summarize completed tasks and overview whatever they have learned to develop a new network of concepts. By completing this stage it is expected that students attained a new level of geometric thought. One of important properties of these phases of learning in Van Hiele theory is not linear in nature. Sometimes students need a cycle form of these phases by repeating more than one time to overcome certain geometrical concepts. The role of teaches here is providing suitable activities based on these five phases to develop each level of van Hiele geometric thinking. The Van Hiele level of geometric thinking According to Van Hiele theory, the development of students geometric thinking considered regarding the increasingly sophisticated level of thinking. These levels are hierarchies and able to predict future students enactment in geometry(Usiskin, 1982a). This model consists of five levels in understanding, which numbered from 0 to 4. However, in this research we defined these levels from 1 to 5 to be able categorize students, who are not fitted in the model as level 0. Level 1, Visualization Level 2, Analysis Level 3, Informal deduction Level 4, deduction Level 5, rigor Level 1: Visualization The base stage of Van Hiele geometric thinking which is encountered with goals of mathematical domain is Level 1. The objectives of the first level are functions like the underpinning elements of everything that are going to be studied. Understanding at this stage includes visualizing base objects. At this level visualization defines as comprehension or seeing initial objects in students minds. For instance, a number line in this stage could be defined as real numbers in the domain of real numbers. Vectors and matrices can be seen as basic objects in the domain of leaner algebra. So perceiving vector as a directed segment or matrices as a rectangular table of numbers lies in level 1. Elementary teachers know that it takes a few years of school for pupils to master visualization level. For example, it takes long time for students to see real numbers in a number line format. Similarly, perception of an ordered list or array of numbers, or an ordered pair of points is not something that occurs to an untaught mind and eye. Hence, serious teaching effort and introduction needed to students achieve Level 1and it is not assumed the visualization of initial objects to be obvious or trivial for students. Geometry in Iran starts in elementary school and continues until level 8 with introducing geometry shapes like circles, squares, triangles, straight lines, etc. At the level 1 student learn to recognize geometric characteristics in objects that can be physically seen. At this stage student are assumed to be able to categorize geometric shapes by visual recognition, and know their names, for example, in solid geometry in level 1, if shown a picture of a polyhedron like a cube, students would be able to say that it is a cube because it looks like one for him or her. At this stage, it is not required to think of a cube, or any other geometric object, in terms of its properties, like saying a cube has 6 faces and 12 edges. With visual recognition a student would be able to make a copy, by drawing, plotting or using some sort of dynamic geometry software, of a shape or configuration of shapes if they could be shown or told what it is they were supposed to be copying. In this stage, the instruction should be based on the name the student has memorized for the object and not the objects properties. For instance, it could be draw a cube not draw a polygon with 12 equal edges that are perpendicular to the base and 6 equal faces. Level 2: Analysis Stage At analysis stage, students begin to analysis objects that were only visually perceived at pervious level, identifying their parts and relations among these parts. They focus on the properties of these objects. For example, focus on Real Numbers in this stage can be closure under operations. This property can be leading to distinguishing subsets of Real Numbers inside the set which are Integers and Rational Numbers. In solid geometry, the analysis stage is where students begin seeing the properties associated with the different shapes or configurations. A cube will now become a shape with 6 equal faces which opposite faces are parallel and 12 edges and adjacent angles right angles and having opposite faces equal, as well as having the diagonals intersect in their middle. However, at this stage, it is not assumed that students will be seeking logical relationships between properties such as knowing that it is enough for a Parallelepiped as a solid with parallel opposite faces and all the other properties follow. Neither is it assumed that students will think about a cuboid as a special type of Parallelepiped. Therefore, students will identify shapes and solids based on the wholeness of their properties. In other words, relationships between shapes and configurations remain merely on the list of properties they have. At this stage if a student were asked to describe a shape or solid, the description would be based on the objects properties. At the same time, if a student were asked to reproduce a shape or solid based on the list of properties, they would be capable of do so. Students would also be able to verify figures and solids hieratically by analyzing their properties. In this stage student can recognize the interrelation between figures and their properties. For example, knowing the property that the Parallelepiped the student would be able to deduce that cuboid is special kind of Parallelepiped. Level 3: Informal Deduction Stage Informal deduction is known as the third level of geometric thinking. Some of researchers name this level as abstract/Relation level too(Battista, 1999; Cabral, 2004). In this stage students can reason logically. This stage is achieved when a student can operate with the relation of figures and solids and is able to apply congruence of geometric figures to prove certain properties of a total geometric configuration of which congruent figures are a part. They become aware about sufficient and necessary condition for a concept. A student fit at this level after achieving pervious levels (visualization and analysis). At this level more attention given to relations among properties. In other words, in this stage focus is properties of sets of properties. In this level according to relationship between properties of objects students attempt to group these properties into subgroups. Students try to find out what are the minimum of properties that needed to describe of the initial base elements. They intend to categorize properties which are equivalent in certain situation. The mathematical relationships between properties are the main focus in this stage. Understanding and finding these relationships is a kind of informal deduction. For example, in this stage students would start to improve the idea that some operations in real numbers follows from other sets like natural numbers. Then they would start making an approach understanding the Real Numbers axiom as a systematic commutative field. But they cannot make proofs for such informal observation. Just in the next stage student would be able to produce proofs and deductions. That is where using the tools like Cabri 3D as a dynamic geometry software play very important roles. For most of the students jump to the third level, informal deduction, is not easy. Now they can group the properties and identify the minimum amount of the needed properties. For example a cube, which might have had at level 2 the properties of six equal square faces, twelve equal edges with equal diagonal, parallel edges, perpendicular Adjacent edges, now would describe with the smaller amount of the properties such as shape composed of six equal squares. As it is seen, students in this level start formulation definitions for classes of objects and figures. For instance, a right triangle can be defined as a special kind of triangle that has two perpendicular sides or a right angle. As in this stage parallelogram and rectangle are not independent shapes, cube and cuboid also would be a special model of Parallelepiped. In this level students could give informal arguments to prove geometric results. They start deductively thinking about geometry and it is one of important aspects of the present stage. Some simple rules may be using here, because students follow just simple logics. For example, if A=B and B=C then A=c. Most of fitted students in the informal deduction level would able to justify arguments that they presented before with informal logic relationships. Therefore, at this level they can give informal logical relationships and use them about earlier identified properties. All in all, students now start to recognize the significance of the deduction and logic in the Geometry. Level 4: Deduction Deduction is the fourth level of Van Hiele theory of geometric thinking. In this level students start to construct rather than just memorize the proofs. They are able to find differences between the same proofs. The goal of the previous level was discovering the relations among properties of the bases element by the students. At level 4 those relations are used to deduce theorems about base elements based on laws of deductive logic. The main purpose of level 4 is the organization of the statements about relations from level 2 and 3 into deductive proofs. Discussing to the real number example, at this level, it is expected of the students to prove, for real numbers if. Students are ready to accept a system of axioms, theorem, and definitions. They can create the proofs form the axioms and just using the models or diagrams to support their arguments. Thus, students are able to formally prove what they had proved previously in level 3 using diagrams and informal arguments. They also start to distinguish the need for undefined terms in Geometry, which is very hard concept to understand in purely logical system. Another point in this stage is that, students begin to become aware, understand and identify the differences between contrapositive, converse, and a theorem. They can also prove or disprove any of those relationships. In this level students become aware of relationships and connections between theorems and group them correspondingly. These level is the stage at which high school students are taught in Iran. Mesal 3d Level 5: Rigor In level fifth which named rigor, traditionally students hyper analysed the deductive proofs from level 4. They are looking to find the relationships between proves. This level looks to identified organizations of pervious level. For example, at this level the questions of are the proofs consistent with each other, how strong of a relationship is described in the proof and how do they compare with other proofs would be asked. The level of Rigor involves a deep questioning of all of the assumptions that have come before. This type of questioning also involves a comparison to other mathematical systems of similar qualities. For example, in Level 5if we considered Real Numbers we would begin to compare them as a field to other fields in general. It is fair to say that this level is usually only undertaken by professional mathematicians.(Smart, 2008) At Level 5 of van Hiele theory students can work in non-Euclidean of geometric system. So this level does not met by the high school students and it is usually assigned to college or university students in higher education. At non-Euclidean geometry constructing visual models for recognition is not easy and useful, so the focus is more on abstract concepts. So, most of geometry which is done in this level is based on abstract and proof-oriented. Students in this stage are capable to compare axioms systems such as Euclidean and Non-Euclidean. Most of the students who have fitted in this level become professionals in geometricians and geometry so they are able to carefully develop the theorems in different axiomatic geometric systems. Therefore as smart (2008) emphasis, this level usually is the work of professional mathematicians and their students in higher education that conduct research in other areas of the geometry. The Van Hiele started his research after he found that most of the students have difficulty with learning geometry. He observed that these students struggled with geometry, although they easily understood other mathematics topics. The results of their study showed, most of the High school students are taught at level 3and 4. Then van Hiele deduced most of the students had difficulty in learning geometry at level 3 and 4, because they could not understand geometry at level 2 to be able to move onto grasping level. Therefore, for melting this problem more focus is needed at second stage, analysis level and more emphasis on third stage, informal deduction. Then it can be expected that they are able to success at the deduction level.(Battista, 1999) Van hiele noted that students should pass through lower levels of geometric thinking smoothly and master them before attaining higher levels. Van Hiele theory recommends achieving higher level of thought needs a precise designed instructions. Since students are not able to bypass levels and achieve understanding, permanently dealing with formal proof can cause students to relay on memorization without understanding. In addition, geometric thinking is inherent in the types of skills we want to nurture in students. Research involving the van Hiele Model of Geometric Thinking and Interaction with dynamic geometry software Van Hiele described in his article (1999) that the learning geometry can be started in a playful environment to explore geometrical concepts with certain shapes, and properties, parallelism, and symmetry. He advised some mosaic puzzles in this purpose. In the line of his work, geometry based software provide the more powerful environment which can be used to enhance the level of geometric thinking. There are several studies carried out on effects of using some dynamic geometry software such as (geometers Sketchpad) GSP on levels of van Hiele . Different researches had been involving the Van Hiele geometric thinking since last decades. Some researchers used van Hiele Model as the theoretical framework while others used it as an analytic tool. Moreover many researches conduct study on geometric softwares like: Geometry Scratchpad used van Hiele theory to find out their effects on geometric reason, geometric thinking and other aspects. In order to find out whether dynamic geometry software is able to enhance the level of geometric thinking or not several researches has been conducted. In general, the van Hiele Model has been used in their research as an analytic tool and theoretical framework. For example, July (2001) documented and described 10th-grade students geometric thinking and spatial abilities as they used Geometers Sketchpad (GSP) to explore, construct, and analyze three-dimensional geometric objects. Then he found out the role that can dynamic geometry software, such as GSP, play in the development of students geometric thinking as defined by the van Hiele theory. He found there was evidence that students geometric thinking was improved by the end of the study. The teaching episodes using GSP encouraged level 2 thinking of the van Hiele theory of geometric thinking by helping students to look beyond the visual image and attend to the properties of the image. Via GSP students could resize, tilt, and manip ulate solids and when students investigated cross sections of Platonic Solids, they learned that they could not rely on their perception alone. In addition teaching episodes using GSP encouraged level 3 of the van Hiele thinking by aiding students learn about relationships within and between structure of Platonic solids(July, 2001). Noraini Idris (2007) also found out the positive effects of using GSP on level of Van Hiele among Form Two students in secondary school. In addition she reported the positive reaction of students toward using this software in learning geometry. In contrast Moyer,T(2003) in his PhD thesis used a non-equivalent control group design to investigate the effects of GSP on van Hiele levels. His research carried out in 2 control groups and 2 experimental groups in one high school in Pennsylvania. He had used Van Hiele tests written by Usiskin. However, Comparison of pre-test and post-test did not show a significant difference on increasing Van Hiele level of geometric thinking(July, 2001; Moyer, 2003). Fyhn (2008) categorized students responses according to the van Hile levels in a narrative form of a climbing trip(Fyhn, 2008). The theoretical framework used Smart(2008) for his research Introducing Angles in Grade Four was a combination of a teaching theory called Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and a learning theory called the van Hiele Model of Geometric Thinking. His research findings suggest the usefulness of using lesson plans based on the two theoretical frameworks in helping students develop an analytical conceptualization of mathematics. In this study the model was neither proved nor disproved but just accepted as an analytic framework. Gills,J (2005) investigated students ability to form geometric conjectures in both statistic and dynamic geometry environments in his doctoral thesis. All participates were exposed to both environment and take parted, up to eight lab activities. He also used van Hiele theory as the main theoretical framework with more emphasis on geometric reasoning.(Gillis, 2005) Research that used the van Hiele Model as an accepted framework covers variety of different topics. For example, Gills,J (2005) find out the mathematical conjectures formed by high school geometry students when given identical geometric figures in two different, dynamic and statistic of geometric environments. Burger and Shaughnessy (1986) tested students from grade one to first year of university to determine in what level the students are functioning regarding triangles and quadrilaterals. Cabri 3D Most of the dynamic geometric software until 2005 has been constructed in 2 dimensions. Just a few dynamic geometry software, has constructed on Three-dimensional dynamic geometric software such as, Autograph and Cabri 3. Focus of present study is on Cabri 3D, which is a new version of Cabri II (2 dimensional software). Cabri 3D is a commercial interactive geometry software manufactured by the French company Cabrilog for teaching and learning geometry and trigonometry. It was designed with the ease-of-use in mind. Cabri 3D as dynamic and interactive geometry provides a significant improvement over those drawn on a whiteboard by allowing the user to animate geometric figures, relationships between points on a geometric object may easily be demonstrated, which can be useful in the learning process. There are also graphing and display functions, which allow exploration of the connections between geometry and algebra. The program can be run under Windows or the Mac OS(CABRILOG SAS, 2009). From Euclidean geometry, Compass, straightedge and ruler, for many years, have been used in as the unique method of teaching and learning geometry, and tools used to aid people in expressing their knowledge. With the creation of computers, new world opened up to teaching and learning geometry. The speed and memory of modern PCs, together with decreasing prices, have made possible the development of `virtual reality computer games making use of the 3D graphics chips included on modern graphics cards. some educational spin-off from this has been the development of 3D interactive geometry software such as Cabri 3D, Autograph ,etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But tools can contain particular conceptions so; the aim of designing a dynamic geometry software package is to provide new instructional tools to study, teaching and learning geometry. While all the dynamic geometry software attempt to model use of straightedge, compass and ruler in Euclidean geometry, other futures like measuring capability and dragging possibilities and changing the view of objects in 3 Dimensional (Gonzaà ­lez Herbst, 2009). Cabri 3D launched in September 2004 by Cabrilog, this software has the capacity to revolutionize teaching and learning of 3D geometry, at all levels, in the same way that dynamic geometry software has for 2D (CABRILOG SAS, 2009). Cabri 3D can share the same aptitude for making new discoveries as a research tool. There are some important practical features of Cabri 3D. First, This program is capable to store the files as text in Cabrilogs development of the Extensible Markup Language (XML). XML is the simplest version of the SGML standard for creating and designing HTML documents (suitable for use on Internet sites).XML designed by the World Wide Web Consortium as a more flexible replacement for HTML. Next, as Oldknow discussed, Files developed in Cabri 3D can be inserted as active objects in web-pages, spread sheets, word documents and etc. It is an interesting future because this objects which inserted in the files can be manipulated by users who do not own a copy of Cabri 3D in the ir computers.(Oldknow, 2006) One of the important charactirisitc of Cabri package is draging.Arzarello, Olivero, Paola, Robutti (2002) found that dragging in Cabri allows students to validate their conjectures. They claimed that work in Cabri is enough for the students to be convinced of the validity of their conjectures. If the teacher does not motivate students to find out why a conjecture is true, then the justifications given by students may remain at a perceptive-empirical level. Students would claim that the proposition is true because the property observed on the Cabri figure stays the same when dragging the drawing, given the hypotheses do not change. When such a belief is shared in the classroom, then Cabri might become an obstacle in the transition from empirical to theoretical thinking, as it allows validating a proposition without the need to use a theory. These researcher asserted, if teacher makes explicit the role of proof in justification, then students will be motivated to prove why a certain pr oposition is true (within a theory), after they know within the Cabri environment, that it is true. To paraphrase Polya (1954), first we need to be convinced that a proposition is true, then we can prove it.(Arzarello, Olivero, Paola, Robutti, 2002). In some researches the centrality has given to dragging in 2D dynamic geometry software and its implications for developing different types of reasoning (Arzarello et al. 2002).in addition because dragging is something which might make motion in 3D (on the 2D screen), it is more difficult to interpret and understand by the user. The various aspects of dragging in 3D DGE are issues that could usefully be the focus for research.(Hoyl

A Look at Bipolar Disorder Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is more than just ordinary mood swings. People suffer from periods of mania to periods of depression. Bipolar disorder is a significant medical condition that is a great health interest in America (Hopkins Medicine). The number of people being diagnosed with bipolar disorder increases every year; therefore, the importance of education and understanding of this disorder also increases because it can affect so many people’s lives. According to Johns Hopkins medicine, manic depression affects more than 5.7 million American adults--or about 2.6 percent of Americans age 18 and older in a given year. Both sexes are affected equally. Bipolar disorder does not discriminate against race, ethnicity, or social class. Adolescence or early adulthood is when bipolar disorder normally begins, with 25 being the average age. Although researchers have not yet identified the gene, it is believed to be hereditary and likely runs in the family (Hopkins Medicine). The precise cause of bipolar disorder is not known, but there are a few components that to may lead to bipolar episodes. Experts believe bipolar people have biological changes in their brain and an imbalance in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters). Hormone imbalance is also believed to be a cause of episodes. People that have a blood relative with bipolar disorder have a greater chance of also being bipolar. When someone has a stressful, abusive event, or has suffered a great loss may also trigger bipolar (WebMD). Symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary from mild to severe. The symptoms of mania consist of mood changes such as periods of feeling â€Å"high† or exceedingly happy and outgoing while also being agitated. People suffering from mania ... ...y/conditions/adult/mental_health_disorders/manic_depressionbipolar_disorder_85,P00743/>. Johnston, Janice. ABC 20/20. 21 April 2011. 1 April 2012 . Mayo Clinic Staff. Mayo Clinic. 18 January 2012. 31 March 2012 . National Institute of Mental Health. NIMH. n.d. 24 March 2012 . Russell, Peter. WebMD Health News. 14 April 2011. 1 April 2012 . Torrey, E. Fuller and Michael B. Knable. Surviving Manic Depression. New York: Basic Books, 2002. WebMD. WebMD. n.d. 24 March 2012 .

Acid Rain Research Paper Essay

Rain is one of the most dire and essential needs for a thriving ecosystem, and to sustain human, animal, and plant life. The water provided by the water cycle, the event causing rain, is required to keep all life on Earth alive. Rain, although naturally acidic, seems to have been increasing at a rapid rate due to many reasons. Some of these many reasons include, pollution. Pollution from homes, factories, power stations, cars, and many more man-made products. So even though rain, while naturally acidic, was not referred to as â€Å"Acid Rain† till man-made pollutions began to alter it in a greater way. The effect of these pollutions on rain, is now the reason why acid rain is of existence. However, contrary to popular belief, acid rain isn’t just a problem that’s occurred in the past thirty years. Over a hundred years ago, a chemist named Robert Smith found great evidence that the rainfall in Manchester, U.K. was more acidic than reasonable. After studying chemicals like sulphur dioxide, he found a link between the increased acidity in the rain and the amount of chemicals being given off when coal was burnt in factories. Acidity levels in rain rise mainly when pollutants from all aforementioned sources are mixed with the atmospheric moisture. Due to this mixing of the atmosphere, it is incredibly hard to maintain and/or contain the levels of acidity in rain to a single area. Pollutants and chemicals may be carried in clouds over incredibly long distances before finally resulting in downpour. This means that outside of factories and industrial zones, acid rain can hit commercial areas, and can also spread to wildlife areas, such as rainforests, forests, jungles, and other biomes. All this attributes to the rising rates of acidic rain over the past 100 years. The effects of acid rain on living things, such as plants, marine life, animals, and humans? There is an obvious and increasing link between acid rain and the harm done to organic life. Primarily, since more easily documentable, human health seems to be affected the most in this trifle. People can be harmed by breathing in toxins, chemicals, and pollutants, from either dry deposits of this acid rain, or chemicals can be released through vapor/liquid form. This can range from causing chest illnesses, breathing problems, birth defects, and other unusual diseases more and more commonly being revealed as time progresses. Some birth defects include, but are not limited to, birth without certain limbs, birth without ability to reproduce, or lacking reproductive organs completely, and other respiratory conditions. These respiratory conditions occur because when toxins burrow into the lungs, it acts as a poison, and causes the airways to get narrower. The narrowing of the respiratory system’s airways causes it to become harder to breathe. The same conditions exist for other organic life, only in a slightly different manner. Marine life and animals seem to exhibit nearly the same conditions that humans do, except with less frequent birth rates with lack of limbs. Breathing gets more difficult for all living organisms with a respiratory system, or similar breathing mechanism. However, acid rain becomes a much more complex matter when dealing with plants. Over the progression of time, scientists have noted a slowed progression of forests, leaves turning brown and dying whereas they should be green and healthy. After massive conductions of tests, scientists have noted that acid rain is one of the primary reasons for dying/slowed/injured rainforests. In other studies, it’s shown that soil degradation is a product resulting from acid rain, mainly in the eastern regions of the US. The effects of acid rain on buildings? The acidity levels in rain have a much slower impact on constructions and buildings than they do on organic life, but the impact is still notice, increasingly over the past few years. It is a proven scientific fact that acids have a corrosive effect on many buildings and sculptures, most notably, the statue of liberty. The Statue Of Liberty, being made from  copper, has an extreme reaction when having dealt with acid rain. As well as having a dire effect on constructions of copper, other materials such as limestone and marble also have an extreme corrosive reaction to acids and acid rain. It is scientific fact that any wet or dry deposition of sulfur dioxide drastically increases the rate of corrosion on limestone, marbles, sandstones, and coppers. A common test to prove this would be dropping an egg into vinegar, a test many have conducted as proof to this fact. Eggshells are made from the same materials as limestone, calcium carbonate, and vinegar also has a great acidity level. Within an hour from dropping this egg into the vinegar, the shell will completely dissolve. In these two pictures you can see the effects of acids on different construction material. This massively demonstrates the fatalities of acidic rain levels being increased over time. In the picture to the right, the eggs in water and orange are practically new, where as the egg in coke seems to have a few obstructions. However, the egg that is in the vinegar, is shown to be completely dissolving with bubbles even popping out from around it. In the picture to the left it show’s the stature of liberty as how it once used to be (Artists depiction), and of how it is now. These drastic effects are fatal on the environment, natural or manmade. Solutions to solve this problem of acid rain? To reduce the acidity levels of rain, industries must cut down the amount of sulphur dioxide being produced when fossil fuels are burned and used. Viewing it like this, industries have a few options in which to choose from. They can produce and use coal that has little to no amounts of sulphur on it, research can be done to find a way in which to remove sulphur from coal. Other choices, but less conventional range from using a different kind of fuel, or researching a way in which when the coal is burned, the sulfur is destroyed before being emissed into the atmosphere. There seems to be many ways to combat this issue, but the most conventional seems to be halting the emissions of pollutants all in all. Reducing the amount of nitrogen oxide emissions caused by car exhaust is an effective solution. Public transport systems need to be improved so that people can travel without having to use their cars. If more people used public transport, it would cut the number of  private vehicles on the roads, and would reduce pollution dramatically. Everybody needs to work together to reduce pollutants to make the world a safer and healthier place to live. In conclusion, acid rain continues to develop into a greater and more massive problem as time progresses. However, if certain countermeasures are taken, which in hindsight, shouldn’t have to have been even contemplated if measures were taken in the past, can prevent acidity levels in rain to become a greater problem than it already is. In addition to limiting its growth, we can also work together, industries and the common denizens of society, to lowering its level as a whole.